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+# EventLoop Component
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/reactphp/event-loop.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/reactphp/event-loop)
+
+[ReactPHP](https://reactphp.org/)'s core reactor event loop that libraries can use for evented I/O.
+
+In order for async based libraries to be interoperable, they need to use the
+same event loop. This component provides a common `LoopInterface` that any
+library can target. This allows them to be used in the same loop, with one
+single [`run()`](#run) call that is controlled by the user.
+
+**Table of Contents**
+
+* [Quickstart example](#quickstart-example)
+* [Usage](#usage)
+  * [Factory](#factory)
+    * [create()](#create)
+  * [Loop implementations](#loop-implementations)
+    * [StreamSelectLoop](#streamselectloop)
+    * [ExtEventLoop](#exteventloop)
+    * [ExtLibeventLoop](#extlibeventloop)
+    * [ExtLibevLoop](#extlibevloop)
+    * [ExtEvLoop](#extevloop)
+  * [LoopInterface](#loopinterface)
+    * [run()](#run)
+    * [stop()](#stop)
+    * [addTimer()](#addtimer)
+    * [addPeriodicTimer()](#addperiodictimer)
+    * [cancelTimer()](#canceltimer)
+    * [futureTick()](#futuretick)
+    * [addSignal()](#addsignal)
+    * [removeSignal()](#removesignal)
+    * [addReadStream()](#addreadstream)
+    * [addWriteStream()](#addwritestream)
+    * [removeReadStream()](#removereadstream)
+    * [removeWriteStream()](#removewritestream)
+* [Install](#install)
+* [Tests](#tests)
+* [License](#license)
+* [More](#more)
+
+## Quickstart example
+
+Here is an async HTTP server built with just the event loop.
+
+```php
+$loop = React\EventLoop\Factory::create();
+
+$server = stream_socket_server('tcp://127.0.0.1:8080');
+stream_set_blocking($server, false);
+
+$loop->addReadStream($server, function ($server) use ($loop) {
+    $conn = stream_socket_accept($server);
+    $data = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 3\r\n\r\nHi\n";
+    $loop->addWriteStream($conn, function ($conn) use (&$data, $loop) {
+        $written = fwrite($conn, $data);
+        if ($written === strlen($data)) {
+            fclose($conn);
+            $loop->removeWriteStream($conn);
+        } else {
+            $data = substr($data, $written);
+        }
+    });
+});
+
+$loop->addPeriodicTimer(5, function () {
+    $memory = memory_get_usage() / 1024;
+    $formatted = number_format($memory, 3).'K';
+    echo "Current memory usage: {$formatted}\n";
+});
+
+$loop->run();
+```
+
+See also the [examples](examples).
+
+## Usage
+
+Typical applications use a single event loop which is created at the beginning
+and run at the end of the program.
+
+```php
+// [1]
+$loop = React\EventLoop\Factory::create();
+
+// [2]
+$loop->addPeriodicTimer(1, function () {
+    echo "Tick\n";
+});
+
+$stream = new React\Stream\ReadableResourceStream(
+    fopen('file.txt', 'r'),
+    $loop
+);
+
+// [3]
+$loop->run();
+```
+
+1. The loop instance is created at the beginning of the program. A convenience
+   factory [`React\EventLoop\Factory::create()`](#create) is provided by this library which
+   picks the best available [loop implementation](#loop-implementations).
+2. The loop instance is used directly or passed to library and application code.
+   In this example, a periodic timer is registered with the event loop which
+   simply outputs `Tick` every second and a
+   [readable stream](https://github.com/reactphp/stream#readableresourcestream)
+   is created by using ReactPHP's
+   [stream component](https://github.com/reactphp/stream) for demonstration
+   purposes.
+3. The loop is run with a single [`$loop->run()`](#run) call at the end of the program.
+
+### Factory
+
+The `Factory` class exists as a convenient way to pick the best available
+[event loop implementation](#loop-implementations).
+
+#### create()
+
+The `create(): LoopInterface` method can be used to create a new event loop
+instance:
+
+```php
+$loop = React\EventLoop\Factory::create();
+```
+
+This method always returns an instance implementing [`LoopInterface`](#loopinterface),
+the actual [event loop implementation](#loop-implementations) is an implementation detail.
+
+This method should usually only be called once at the beginning of the program.
+
+### Loop implementations
+
+In addition to the [`LoopInterface`](#loopinterface), there are a number of
+event loop implementations provided.
+
+All of the event loops support these features:
+
+* File descriptor polling
+* One-off timers
+* Periodic timers
+* Deferred execution on future loop tick
+
+For most consumers of this package, the underlying event loop implementation is
+an implementation detail.
+You should use the [`Factory`](#factory) to automatically create a new instance.
+
+Advanced! If you explicitly need a certain event loop implementation, you can
+manually instantiate one of the following classes.
+Note that you may have to install the required PHP extensions for the respective
+event loop implementation first or they will throw a `BadMethodCallException` on creation.
+
+#### StreamSelectLoop
+
+A `stream_select()` based event loop.
+
+This uses the [`stream_select()`](http://php.net/manual/en/function.stream-select.php)
+function and is the only implementation which works out of the box with PHP.
+
+This event loop works out of the box on PHP 5.3 through PHP 7+ and HHVM.
+This means that no installation is required and this library works on all
+platforms and supported PHP versions.
+Accordingly, the [`Factory`](#factory) will use this event loop by default if
+you do not install any of the event loop extensions listed below.
+
+Under the hood, it does a simple `select` system call.
+This system call is limited to the maximum file descriptor number of
+`FD_SETSIZE` (platform dependent, commonly 1024) and scales with `O(m)`
+(`m` being the maximum file descriptor number passed).
+This means that you may run into issues when handling thousands of streams
+concurrently and you may want to look into using one of the alternative
+event loop implementations listed below in this case.
+If your use case is among the many common use cases that involve handling only
+dozens or a few hundred streams at once, then this event loop implementation
+performs really well.
+
+If you want to use signal handling (see also [`addSignal()`](#addsignal) below),
+this event loop implementation requires `ext-pcntl`.
+This extension is only available for Unix-like platforms and does not support
+Windows.
+It is commonly installed as part of many PHP distributions.
+If this extension is missing (or you're running on Windows), signal handling is
+not supported and throws a `BadMethodCallException` instead.
+
+This event loop is known to rely on wall-clock time to schedule future
+timers, because a monotonic time source is not available in PHP by default.
+While this does not affect many common use cases, this is an important
+distinction for programs that rely on a high time precision or on systems
+that are subject to discontinuous time adjustments (time jumps).
+This means that if you schedule a timer to trigger in 30s and then adjust
+your system time forward by 20s, the timer may trigger in 10s.
+See also [`addTimer()`](#addtimer) for more details.
+
+#### ExtEventLoop
+
+An `ext-event` based event loop.
+
+This uses the [`event` PECL extension](https://pecl.php.net/package/event).
+It supports the same backends as libevent.
+
+This loop is known to work with PHP 5.4 through PHP 7+.
+
+#### ExtEvLoop
+
+An `ext-ev` based event loop.
+
+This loop uses the [`ev` PECL extension](https://pecl.php.net/package/ev), that
+provides an interface to `libev` library.
+
+This loop is known to work with PHP 5.4 through PHP 7+.
+
+
+#### ExtLibeventLoop
+
+An `ext-libevent` based event loop.
+
+This uses the [`libevent` PECL extension](https://pecl.php.net/package/libevent).
+`libevent` itself supports a number of system-specific backends (epoll, kqueue).
+
+This event loop does only work with PHP 5.
+An [unofficial update](https://github.com/php/pecl-event-libevent/pull/2) for
+PHP 7 does exist, but it is known to cause regular crashes due to `SEGFAULT`s.
+To reiterate: Using this event loop on PHP 7 is not recommended.
+Accordingly, the [`Factory`](#factory) will not try to use this event loop on
+PHP 7.
+
+This event loop is known to trigger a readable listener only if
+the stream *becomes* readable (edge-triggered) and may not trigger if the
+stream has already been readable from the beginning.
+This also implies that a stream may not be recognized as readable when data
+is still left in PHP's internal stream buffers.
+As such, it's recommended to use `stream_set_read_buffer($stream, 0);`
+to disable PHP's internal read buffer in this case.
+See also [`addReadStream()`](#addreadstream) for more details.
+
+#### ExtLibevLoop
+
+An `ext-libev` based event loop.
+
+This uses an [unofficial `libev` extension](https://github.com/m4rw3r/php-libev).
+It supports the same backends as libevent.
+
+This loop does only work with PHP 5.
+An update for PHP 7 is [unlikely](https://github.com/m4rw3r/php-libev/issues/8)
+to happen any time soon.
+
+### LoopInterface
+
+#### run()
+
+The `run(): void` method can be used to
+run the event loop until there are no more tasks to perform.
+
+For many applications, this method is the only directly visible
+invocation on the event loop.
+As a rule of thumb, it is usally recommended to attach everything to the
+same loop instance and then run the loop once at the bottom end of the
+application.
+
+```php
+$loop->run();
+```
+
+This method will keep the loop running until there are no more tasks
+to perform. In other words: This method will block until the last
+timer, stream and/or signal has been removed.
+
+Likewise, it is imperative to ensure the application actually invokes
+this method once. Adding listeners to the loop and missing to actually
+run it will result in the application exiting without actually waiting
+for any of the attached listeners.
+
+This method MUST NOT be called while the loop is already running.
+This method MAY be called more than once after it has explicity been
+[`stop()`ped](#stop) or after it automatically stopped because it
+previously did no longer have anything to do.
+
+#### stop()
+
+The `stop(): void` method can be used to
+instruct a running event loop to stop.
+
+This method is considered advanced usage and should be used with care.
+As a rule of thumb, it is usually recommended to let the loop stop
+only automatically when it no longer has anything to do.
+
+This method can be used to explicitly instruct the event loop to stop:
+
+```php
+$loop->addTimer(3.0, function () use ($loop) {
+    $loop->stop();
+});
+```
+
+Calling this method on a loop instance that is not currently running or
+on a loop instance that has already been stopped has no effect.
+
+#### addTimer()
+
+The `addTimer(float $interval, callable $callback): TimerInterface` method can be used to
+enqueue a callback to be invoked once after the given interval.
+
+The timer callback function MUST be able to accept a single parameter,
+the timer instance as also returned by this method or you MAY use a
+function which has no parameters at all.
+
+The timer callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the timer callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+Unlike [`addPeriodicTimer()`](#addperiodictimer), this method will ensure
+the callback will be invoked only once after the given interval.
+You can invoke [`cancelTimer`](#canceltimer) to cancel a pending timer.
+
+```php
+$loop->addTimer(0.8, function () {
+    echo 'world!' . PHP_EOL;
+});
+
+$loop->addTimer(0.3, function () {
+    echo 'hello ';
+});
+```
+
+See also [example #1](examples).
+
+If you want to access any variables within your callback function, you
+can bind arbitrary data to a callback closure like this:
+
+```php
+function hello($name, LoopInterface $loop)
+{
+    $loop->addTimer(1.0, function () use ($name) {
+        echo "hello $name\n";
+    });
+}
+
+hello('Tester', $loop);
+```
+
+This interface does not enforce any particular timer resolution, so
+special care may have to be taken if you rely on very high precision with
+millisecond accuracy or below. Event loop implementations SHOULD work on
+a best effort basis and SHOULD provide at least millisecond accuracy
+unless otherwise noted. Many existing event loop implementations are
+known to provide microsecond accuracy, but it's generally not recommended
+to rely on this high precision.
+
+Similarly, the execution order of timers scheduled to execute at the
+same time (within its possible accuracy) is not guaranteed.
+
+This interface suggests that event loop implementations SHOULD use a
+monotonic time source if available. Given that a monotonic time source is
+not available on PHP by default, event loop implementations MAY fall back
+to using wall-clock time.
+While this does not affect many common use cases, this is an important
+distinction for programs that rely on a high time precision or on systems
+that are subject to discontinuous time adjustments (time jumps).
+This means that if you schedule a timer to trigger in 30s and then adjust
+your system time forward by 20s, the timer SHOULD still trigger in 30s.
+See also [event loop implementations](#loop-implementations) for more details.
+
+#### addPeriodicTimer()
+
+The `addPeriodicTimer(float $interval, callable $callback): TimerInterface` method can be used to
+enqueue a callback to be invoked repeatedly after the given interval.
+
+The timer callback function MUST be able to accept a single parameter,
+the timer instance as also returned by this method or you MAY use a
+function which has no parameters at all.
+
+The timer callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the timer callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+Unlike [`addTimer()`](#addtimer), this method will ensure the the
+callback will be invoked infinitely after the given interval or until you
+invoke [`cancelTimer`](#canceltimer).
+
+```php
+$timer = $loop->addPeriodicTimer(0.1, function () {
+    echo 'tick!' . PHP_EOL;
+});
+
+$loop->addTimer(1.0, function () use ($loop, $timer) {
+    $loop->cancelTimer($timer);
+    echo 'Done' . PHP_EOL;
+});
+```
+
+See also [example #2](examples).
+
+If you want to limit the number of executions, you can bind
+arbitrary data to a callback closure like this:
+
+```php
+function hello($name, LoopInterface $loop)
+{
+    $n = 3;
+    $loop->addPeriodicTimer(1.0, function ($timer) use ($name, $loop, &$n) {
+        if ($n > 0) {
+            --$n;
+            echo "hello $name\n";
+        } else {
+            $loop->cancelTimer($timer);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+hello('Tester', $loop);
+```
+
+This interface does not enforce any particular timer resolution, so
+special care may have to be taken if you rely on very high precision with
+millisecond accuracy or below. Event loop implementations SHOULD work on
+a best effort basis and SHOULD provide at least millisecond accuracy
+unless otherwise noted. Many existing event loop implementations are
+known to provide microsecond accuracy, but it's generally not recommended
+to rely on this high precision.
+
+Similarly, the execution order of timers scheduled to execute at the
+same time (within its possible accuracy) is not guaranteed.
+
+This interface suggests that event loop implementations SHOULD use a
+monotonic time source if available. Given that a monotonic time source is
+not available on PHP by default, event loop implementations MAY fall back
+to using wall-clock time.
+While this does not affect many common use cases, this is an important
+distinction for programs that rely on a high time precision or on systems
+that are subject to discontinuous time adjustments (time jumps).
+This means that if you schedule a timer to trigger in 30s and then adjust
+your system time forward by 20s, the timer SHOULD still trigger in 30s.
+See also [event loop implementations](#loop-implementations) for more details.
+
+Additionally, periodic timers may be subject to timer drift due to
+re-scheduling after each invocation. As such, it's generally not
+recommended to rely on this for high precision intervals with millisecond
+accuracy or below.
+
+#### cancelTimer()
+
+The `cancelTimer(TimerInterface $timer): void` method can be used to
+cancel a pending timer.
+
+See also [`addPeriodicTimer()`](#addperiodictimer) and [example #2](examples).
+
+Calling this method on a timer instance that has not been added to this
+loop instance or on a timer that has already been cancelled has no effect.
+
+#### futureTick()
+
+The `futureTick(callable $listener): void` method can be used to
+schedule a callback to be invoked on a future tick of the event loop.
+
+This works very much similar to timers with an interval of zero seconds,
+but does not require the overhead of scheduling a timer queue.
+
+The tick callback function MUST be able to accept zero parameters.
+
+The tick callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the tick callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+If you want to access any variables within your callback function, you
+can bind arbitrary data to a callback closure like this:
+
+```php
+function hello($name, LoopInterface $loop)
+{
+    $loop->futureTick(function () use ($name) {
+        echo "hello $name\n";
+    });
+}
+
+hello('Tester', $loop);
+```
+
+Unlike timers, tick callbacks are guaranteed to be executed in the order
+they are enqueued.
+Also, once a callback is enqueued, there's no way to cancel this operation.
+
+This is often used to break down bigger tasks into smaller steps (a form
+of cooperative multitasking).
+
+```php
+$loop->futureTick(function () {
+    echo 'b';
+});
+$loop->futureTick(function () {
+    echo 'c';
+});
+echo 'a';
+```
+
+See also [example #3](examples).
+
+#### addSignal()
+
+The `addSignal(int $signal, callable $listener): void` method can be used to
+register a listener to be notified when a signal has been caught by this process.
+
+This is useful to catch user interrupt signals or shutdown signals from
+tools like `supervisor` or `systemd`.
+
+The listener callback function MUST be able to accept a single parameter,
+the signal added by this method or you MAY use a function which
+has no parameters at all.
+
+The listener callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the listener callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+```php
+$loop->addSignal(SIGINT, function (int $signal) {
+    echo 'Caught user interrupt signal' . PHP_EOL;
+});
+```
+
+See also [example #4](examples).
+
+Signaling is only available on Unix-like platform, Windows isn't
+supported due to operating system limitations.
+This method may throw a `BadMethodCallException` if signals aren't
+supported on this platform, for example when required extensions are
+missing.
+
+**Note: A listener can only be added once to the same signal, any
+attempts to add it more then once will be ignored.**
+
+#### removeSignal()
+
+The `removeSignal(int $signal, callable $listener): void` method can be used to
+remove a previously added signal listener.
+
+```php
+$loop->removeSignal(SIGINT, $listener);
+```
+
+Any attempts to remove listeners that aren't registered will be ignored.
+
+#### addReadStream()
+
+> Advanced! Note that this low-level API is considered advanced usage.
+  Most use cases should probably use the higher-level
+  [readable Stream API](https://github.com/reactphp/stream#readablestreaminterface)
+  instead.
+
+The `addReadStream(resource $stream, callable $callback): void` method can be used to
+register a listener to be notified when a stream is ready to read.
+
+The first parameter MUST be a valid stream resource that supports
+checking whether it is ready to read by this loop implementation.
+A single stream resource MUST NOT be added more than once.
+Instead, either call [`removeReadStream()`](#removereadstream) first or
+react to this event with a single listener and then dispatch from this
+listener. This method MAY throw an `Exception` if the given resource type
+is not supported by this loop implementation.
+
+The listener callback function MUST be able to accept a single parameter,
+the stream resource added by this method or you MAY use a function which
+has no parameters at all.
+
+The listener callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the listener callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+If you want to access any variables within your callback function, you
+can bind arbitrary data to a callback closure like this:
+
+```php
+$loop->addReadStream($stream, function ($stream) use ($name) {
+    echo $name . ' said: ' . fread($stream);
+});
+```
+
+See also [example #11](examples).
+
+You can invoke [`removeReadStream()`](#removereadstream) to remove the
+read event listener for this stream.
+
+The execution order of listeners when multiple streams become ready at
+the same time is not guaranteed.
+
+Some event loop implementations are known to only trigger the listener if
+the stream *becomes* readable (edge-triggered) and may not trigger if the
+stream has already been readable from the beginning.
+This also implies that a stream may not be recognized as readable when data
+is still left in PHP's internal stream buffers.
+As such, it's recommended to use `stream_set_read_buffer($stream, 0);`
+to disable PHP's internal read buffer in this case.
+
+#### addWriteStream()
+
+> Advanced! Note that this low-level API is considered advanced usage.
+  Most use cases should probably use the higher-level
+  [writable Stream API](https://github.com/reactphp/stream#writablestreaminterface)
+  instead.
+
+The `addWriteStream(resource $stream, callable $callback): void` method can be used to
+register a listener to be notified when a stream is ready to write.
+
+The first parameter MUST be a valid stream resource that supports
+checking whether it is ready to write by this loop implementation.
+A single stream resource MUST NOT be added more than once.
+Instead, either call [`removeWriteStream()`](#removewritestream) first or
+react to this event with a single listener and then dispatch from this
+listener. This method MAY throw an `Exception` if the given resource type
+is not supported by this loop implementation.
+
+The listener callback function MUST be able to accept a single parameter,
+the stream resource added by this method or you MAY use a function which
+has no parameters at all.
+
+The listener callback function MUST NOT throw an `Exception`.
+The return value of the listener callback function will be ignored and has
+no effect, so for performance reasons you're recommended to not return
+any excessive data structures.
+
+If you want to access any variables within your callback function, you
+can bind arbitrary data to a callback closure like this:
+
+```php
+$loop->addWriteStream($stream, function ($stream) use ($name) {
+    fwrite($stream, 'Hello ' . $name);
+});
+```
+
+See also [example #12](examples).
+
+You can invoke [`removeWriteStream()`](#removewritestream) to remove the
+write event listener for this stream.
+
+The execution order of listeners when multiple streams become ready at
+the same time is not guaranteed.
+
+#### removeReadStream()
+
+The `removeReadStream(resource $stream): void` method can be used to
+remove the read event listener for the given stream.
+
+Removing a stream from the loop that has already been removed or trying
+to remove a stream that was never added or is invalid has no effect.
+
+#### removeWriteStream()
+
+The `removeWriteStream(resource $stream): void` method can be used to
+remove the write event listener for the given stream.
+
+Removing a stream from the loop that has already been removed or trying
+to remove a stream that was never added or is invalid has no effect.
+
+## Install
+
+The recommended way to install this library is [through Composer](https://getcomposer.org).
+[New to Composer?](https://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md)
+
+This will install the latest supported version:
+
+```bash
+$ composer require react/event-loop:^0.5.1
+```
+
+See also the [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md) for details about version upgrades.
+
+This project aims to run on any platform and thus does not require any PHP
+extensions and supports running on legacy PHP 5.3 through current PHP 7+ and
+HHVM.
+It's *highly recommended to use PHP 7+* for this project.
+
+Installing any of the event loop extensions is suggested, but entirely optional.
+See also [event loop implementations](#loop-implementations) for more details.
+
+## Tests
+
+To run the test suite, you first need to clone this repo and then install all
+dependencies [through Composer](https://getcomposer.org):
+
+```bash
+$ composer install
+```
+
+To run the test suite, go to the project root and run:
+
+```bash
+$ php vendor/bin/phpunit
+```
+
+## License
+
+MIT, see [LICENSE file](LICENSE).
+
+## More
+
+* See our [Stream component](https://github.com/reactphp/stream) for more
+  information on how streams are used in real-world applications.
+* See our [users wiki](https://github.com/reactphp/react/wiki/Users) and the
+  [dependents on Packagist](https://packagist.org/packages/react/event-loop/dependents)
+  for a list of packages that use the EventLoop in real-world applications.